ZEMCH 2015 - International Conference Proceedings | Page 829

as the one from cigarettes and partially from the waterpipes, are recognizable by smell as well as
it is globally recognized to have hazardous effects. The smoke emitted from the e-cigarettes are
the suspicious type only because it has recently been used and the health effects are not very
widely and accurately known, however, the fumes are categorized as chemical smoke because of
the liquid content of the e-cigarettes. Literature review discussed the effect of indoor smoking in
hospitality venues, which are categorized into the health aspects of the indoor air quality and the
profitability of the venues. Results vary based on the culture of that particular country and the
peoples’ view on smoking in general.
On a larger scale, a study was conducted by testing the PM levels in hospitality venues, across
seven Asian countries. The results showed that due to the statistics that the number of smokers in
Asian countries, is most compared to other continents, the indoor PM levels are also higher compared to other countries by an average of 3.6 times from the standard expected PM levels (Lee et
al. 2010). One reason that the population of smokers are much higher numbers in the Asian countries could be because of the price of cigarettes and its production factories within each of these
countries. Due to the nature of this topic, the research carried out are primarily experimental,
and are conducted by a group rather than an individual, as the scope of work is large and again
different disciplines are required to gather for the experiments. Literature review on the topic of
e-cigarettes are majorly published in the year 2014, since it took some years, after the e-cigarettes
were widely consumed, to test its health effects. Smoking dates back to centuries, and what has
changed since then is the smoking aid and the forms and mixtures of the tobaccos. After cigarettes, there has been other smoking aid, some of which has been commercialized and claimed
to be the safest with no side effects, which have been proven false through several extensive research. In conclusion, all smoking aids are hazardous for the active and passive smokers; however,
the risks vary in type and intensity.

References
BALBE, M., MARTINEZ-SANCHEZ, J.M., SUREDA, X., FU, M., PEREZ-ORTUNO, R., PASCUAL, J.A., SALTO, E., and FERNANDEZ, E., 2014, ‘Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and
biomakers’, Environmental Research, 135, pp. 76-80.
BARNETT, T.E., CURBOW, B.A., SOULE JR, E.K., TOMAR, S.L., and THOMBS, D.L., 2011, ‘Carbon Monoxide Levels Among
Patrons of Hookah Cafes’, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(3), pp. 324-328.
BELL, K., and KEANE, H., 2012, ‘Nicotine control: E-cigarett