ZEMCH 2015 - International Conference Proceedings | Page 822

Introduction
Over the past decade , a ban on indoor smoking has been implemented in many countries to eliminate the health issues that people encounter and to provide them with a healthy atmosphere . This concern has been very strict especially in areas where people gather to dine ; whether it is a café , a bar , a restaurant or a food court . In certain areas , e-cigarettes are permitted , however , research proves that electronic substitutes for smoking have its own set of health problems . Since 2005 , there has been a rise in the demand of e-cigarettes in the European market which form a platform of interest for research to investigate the indoor environmental effects during the vaping activities . The e-cigarettes too , affect both the active and the passive smoker . Not all of the refills are nicotine based ; some are nicotine-free yet harmful for the smokers . Particulates such as propylene glycol , nicotine , carbonyls and glycerol have been found when the indoor air was tested ( Geiss et al . 2014 ). E-cigarettes are also considered as a gateway or a transitional point from soft-drugs and hard-drugs . Primarily , e-cigarettes are advertised to be free from nicotine and a harmless substitute for smoking , or conversely , a less harmful alternative ( Bell and Keane 2014 ).
Methodology
As a result of an interest regarding this particular subject of health effects of indoor smoking in hospitality venues , a substantive amount of papers have been reviewed in order to cover an array of methodologies to produce a summary of findings . The research looks at this subject from a broad perspective by evaluating the different types of smoking , which includes the cigarettes , e-cigarettes and waterpipes / hookahs . The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of three kinds of smoking , in an indoor hospitality venue . The evaluations are divided into two main categories ; smoking types and the effects that smoking has on the indoor air quality . Three main means of smoking are discussed and compared ; cigarettes , e-cigarettes and waterpipes ( also referred to as ‘ hookah or narghile ’). Other studies demonstrated how the ban on smoking has affected hospitality businesses in terms of its profitability . As a matter of fact , this particular topic has become controversial in many countries , as each have a different view point .
Smoking Types – Literature Review
In this part , the smoking types that are discussed are the three most universally recognized and used ; cigarettes , e-cigarettes and waterpipes / hookahs / narghile .
Cigarettes Cigarettes , being one of the oldest types of smoking objects , have been tested for its harmful chemical contents . Moreover , the advantage in researching this particular smoking type is that since it has been used for over a century , information and data for analyzing the health and environmental effects is greater in numbers and , to an extent , quite reliable .
A research conducted by Schramm et al . ( 2014 ) demonstrates the flow of cigarette smoke emitted into what they refer to as ‘ Environmental Tobacco Smoke ’ in two ways ; through the smoke rising from the cigarette itself and through the smoke exhaled by the smoker . In their work , the active and the passive smokers are referred to as the MSS , ( main stream smoke ), and the SSS ( side stream smoke ). Both the active and the passive smokers have been analyzed to compare the ratio of the chemicals in their individual ’ s lungs . It is claimed that the passive smokers not only inhale the
820 ZEMCH 2015 | International Conference | Bari - Lecce , Italy