of a post-occupancy evaluation ( POE ) on an existing housing complex , the application of target-costing principles , workshops with experts , among others . The product design process has undergone in the past decade a conceptual and organizational change : from an individual and poorly organized activity to a systematic activity carried out by a multidisciplinary team ( Kleinsmann 2006 ). This totally new approach of the product development is called Integrated Design ( Cooper ; Kleinschmidt 1994 ). The collaboration has been identified both in scientific research concerned with the management of the design as well as by important companies in the sector , as a means of promoting the development of integrated product design processes ( Valkenburg and Dorst , 1998 ). The complexity and iteration of different disciplines make the commitment of designers and other professionals involved , fundamental . The complexity and uncertainty of design problems make collaboration an important element in the thinking of the projects . The collaborative design process facilitates the integration of a product projects because it aims : ( 01 ) the creation and integration of knowledge among participants from different disciplines and functions ( 02 ) the communication between participants on both the content and the design process , and ( 03 ) promotes a shared understanding of the content and the design process ( Kleinsmann 2006 ). We sought in this work to implement a collaborative process for developing the ZEMCH housing design , in which we seek to integrate fundamentally two concepts : customization in mass production and maximum energy efficiency .
2.2 Target Costing In the last 30 years , Japanese companies have developed profit management strategies , from the principles of Value Engineering . Ansari , Bell and Target Cost Core Group ( 1997 cited Nicolini et al 2000 ) define Target Costing ( TC ), as a “ planning system of profit and cost ” focused on the final price , on the client , on the design and its functionality One of the main feature of TC is its application from the earliest stages of product design . There are different approaches to the definition of Target-Cost . Cokins ( 2002 ), for example , defines it as a cost-modeling technique that identifies the price that consumers are willing to pay for a product , to then determine profit margins and allowable costs . It is applied early in the product life cycle during the phase of concept and design . Similarly , Monden ( 1999 ) defines Target-Cost as a system that incorporates the profit management during the product development stage , which , in general , needs to achieve the goals of reducing the cost of new products , ensuring the required profit and meeting the quality levels demanded by the market while motivating the entire chain to achieve the profit target in the development of new products , making the target cost a profit management activity . Ansari ( 1997 ) refers to Target Costing as a profit and cost planning system . From this point of view , the product development process is preceded by determining the target cost , which is based on reference data from the market and the knowledge of the desired product to make possible to assign costs to its functions and components . For Gaiser ( 1997 ), the concept of target costing involves the same components of the traditional management cost : cost of the product , final price and profit . However , the Target-cost focuses on the price the consumer is willing to pay , and from an acceptable profit margin , one works in the opposite direction , seeking an acceptable cost . Simply put , more resources will be invested in the attributes most valued by the end customer . This strategy is therefore oriented to the market , i . e . in the customer expectations and LIH payment willingness . The Civil Construction is associated , worldwide , to high levels of waste of the most different kinds , which result in unnecessary costs , i . e . costs that are not associated with any function that represents value to the user . The elimination of these costs is the Target-cost goal . Recent studies indicate that although it is a very specific scenario , there are opportunities for application of the Target-costing concepts to the production of social low-cost housing as a way of reducing costs
546 ZEMCH 2015 | International Conference | Bari - Lecce , Italy