government of Turkey established the way toward the environment protection , energy polices and increased the efficiency of the economy ( Bilen et al . 2008 ).
Since 1991 , Turkey started to utilize from its energy sources that considered renewable energy due to its benefit in GHG emissions reduction and other environmental issues . So , it started with geothermal energy , solar thermal energy and hydropower energy . Investment can increased significantly due to the fixed feed in tariffs and purchase obligation for distribution companies under the proposed new Renewable Energy Law . Thus , Turkey implemented strategies to produce electricity from nuclear power plant and decreasing the reliance on energy imports . But , this procedure need a lot of studies for the investment cost , waste disposal , safety and other issues related to nuclear power plant ( Bilen et al . 2008 ).
According to Kaygusuz ( 2009 ), sustainable environmental practices became the preference in Turkey ’ s Eight Five Year Development Plan for 2001 – 2005 . Moreover , the National Environmental Action Plan ( NEAP ) worked to increase the energy and environment awareness by implementing several strategies . The big challenge is the demand of energy have been increased ( growth of economy ) while , the low carbon emission is the target . As mentioned above , burning of fossil fuels emit GHG which cause a climatic change . So , the regulation for the next 20 years will be highly aware of accommodating between the energy and world ’ s climate . These sustainable regulations will affect the economy of the future . The steps toward this issue started with the National Climate Coordination Group then , a National Climate Program was developed in the scope of the United Nations Framework - Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ). Moreover , International Energy Agency ’ s ‘‘ business as usual ’’ scenarios have been already put the regulations at the mid of 2006 ( Kaygusuz 2009 ).
Moreover , practices in solid waste management have been conducted . Since 1950s , industry sectors started to recycle the glass , plastic , metal and papers . Thus , it recycle more than two millions of junk metal each year , since it considered one of the biggest importing country of junk metal . Recycling the waste of the household has been accomplished mainly for the packaging waste . Separating the recyclable materials has been completed since 1993 . A lot of strategies toward MSW management were implemented in Turkey ( Metin et al . 2003 ).
Sustainable Solutions : A Proposed Sustainability Package
The mentioned issues identified above need to be solved by creating a proposal for sustainable strategies . These strategies will help in decreasing the GHG emissions , reducing climate change and thus improving the air quality in Turkey . Therefore , health and the life of the social will be improved .
Clean and Sustainable Energy Toklu et al . ( 2010 ) ensured that Turkey ’ s geographic location encourage to shift from the non-renewable energy to the clean energy . Haluzan ( 2015 ) mentioned some of the renewable energy advantages comparing with the fossil fuels . These advantages include :
• Renewables allow for the private sectors to participate in energy production , so it provides more jobs for the citizens . This will give the country an excellent opportunity to boost with its economy .
• It decreases the reliance on the foreign oil and stop importing it from other countries . Increasing the reliance on the existing renewable sources will improve the energy security and energy independence . Thus , the country will get the benefit from its natural resources instead of
Turkey ’ s environmental issues and challenges toward sustainability 129
government of Turkey established the way toward the environment protection, energy polices
and increased the efficiency of the economy (Bilen et al. 2008).
Since 1991, Turkey started to utilize from its energy sources that considered renewable energy
due to its benefit in GHG emissions reduction and other environmental issues. So, it started with
geothermal energy, solar thermal energy and hydropower energy. Investment can increased significantly due to the fixed feed in tariffs and purchase obligation for distribution companies under
the proposed new Renewable Energy Law. Thus, Turkey implemented ��Ʌѕ���́Ѽ��ɽ�Ս�������ɥ���䁙ɽ���Ս���ȁ��ݕȁ����Ё�������ɕ�ͥ���ѡ��ɕ�������������ɝ䁥�����̸� �а�ѡ�́�ɽ����ɔ����������Ё�����Ց��́��ȁѡ����ٕ�ѵ��Ё���а�݅�є������ͅ���ͅ���䁅����ѡ�ȁ���Օ́ɕ��ѕ�)Ѽ��Ս���ȁ��ݕȁ����Ѐ� ������Ё�������स)���ɑ����Ѽ�-�����耠���䤰����х���������٥ɽ����х���Ʌ�ѥ��́�������ѡ���ɕ��ɕ������)Q�ɭ��é���Ё�ٔ�e��ȁ�ٕ������ЁA������Ȁ���NJL���Ը�5�ɕ�ٕȰ�ѡ��9�ѥ������٥ɽ����х�)�ѥ���A�����9@��ݽɭ���Ѽ����ɕ�͔�ѡ�����ɝ䁅�����٥ɽ����Ё�݅ɕ���́�䁥�������ѥ��)͕ٕɅ����Ʌѕ���̸�Q������������������́ѡ���������������ɝ䁡�ٔ���������ɕ�͕����ɽ�Ѡ���)������䤁ݡ�����ѡ����܁��ɉ�������ͥ����́ѡ��хɝ�и�́���ѥ��������ٔ����ɹ����������ͥ���Օ�́���Ё!�ݡ�������͔��������ѥ����������M���ѡ��ɕ�ձ�ѥ�����ȁѡ�����Ѐ���啅�́ݥ������������)�݅ɔ�������������ѥ������ݕ���ѡ�����ɝ䁅���ݽɱ��é�����є��Q��͔����х�������ɕ�ձ�ѥ���)ݥ��������Ёѡ��������䁽��ѡ������ɔ��Q����ѕ�́ѽ݅ɐ�ѡ�́���Ք��х�ѕ��ݥѠ�ѡ��9�ѥ�����
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