TOOLBOX / BSLA
List of Common Inorganic Pollutants
Successfully Extracted (and Harvested) or Volatilized with Phytotechnologies
Pollutant
Typical Sources
Plant Macronutrients: Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Wastewater, Landfills, Agriculture and Landscape Practices
Metals: Arsenic, Nickel, Selenium (Shorter Time Frame)
Cadmium and Zinc (Longer Time Frame)
Mining, Industry, Emissions, Automobiles and Agriculture
List of Common Inorganic Pollutants NOT easily
Extracted or Volatilized with Phytotechnologies
Pollutant
Typical Sources
Metals: Boron (B), Cobalt (Co), Copper(Cu), Chromium (Cr),
Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Lead (Pb),
Fluorine (F) Lead(Pb), Mercury (Hg), Aluminum (Al)
Mining, Industry, Emissions, Automobiles, Agriculture, and
Lead Paint
Salt: Sodiumchloride
Road De-Icing, Gas Fracking and Oil Drilling, Fertilizers,
Herbicides
Radioactive Isotopes: Cesium, Strontium, Uranium
Military & Energy Production Activites
Bibliography
Anjum , Naser; A., Pereira, Marie E.; Durate, Armando C; Ahmad, Iqbal; Umar, Shadid; Khan, Nafees A. editors for Phytotechnologies: Remediation of Environmental Contaminants New York, CRC Press, 2012
Chaney, R.L., Broadhurst, C.L., and Centofanti, Tiziana. 2010. “Phytoremediation of Soil Trace Elements” in Trace elements in soil edited by
Hooda, Peter. May 2010 Wildey-Blackwell ISBN: 978-1-4051-6037-7
Dickinson, N. M., Baker, A. J., Doronila, A., Laidlaw, S., & Reeves, R. 2009. Phytoremediation of Inorganics: Realism and Synergies. International
Journal of Phytoremediation(11), 97-114.
Glass DJ. 1999. U.S. and International Markets for Phytoremediation, 1999–2000. Needham, MA: D. Glass Assoc.
ITRC (Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council). 2009. PHYTO-3 Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees,
Revised. Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Phytotechnologies Team. www.itrcweb.org
Kadlec, R.H. and Wallace, S.D. 2009. Treatment Wetlands (2nd Ed) Bocat Raton, Fla: CRC Press
Pilon-Smits E. 2005 “Phytoremediation” in Annual Review Plant Biology.
Rock, Steven 2014. US EPA Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. Personal communication with Kate Kennen, 2013 & 2014
Sattler. Posternak. Blankstein. Lecture Delivered 21 Sept, 2010 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Attended by Niall Kirkwood.
Ulam, Alex. 2012 ‘Phyto your Life: Phytoremediation provides a sustainable approach to building landscapes on brownfields” in Landscape
Architecture Magazine, March 2012 p52-58.
White, Jason C. and Newman, Lee A. 2011 “Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with organic pollutants” in Biophysico-Chemical Processes
of Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Environmental Systems Baoshan Xing (Editor), Nicola Senesi (Editor), Pan Ming Huang (Editor)
May 2011 Wiley
Illustrations from forthcoming book by Kate Kennen and Niall Kirkwood “PHYTO: Principles and
Resources for Site Remediation and Landscape Design”
(to be published in 2015)
Kate Kennen and Niall Kirkwood will be at ABX their secession Phytoforensics and
Phytotechnologies will explore using plants to track and clean up contaminants and their application
in site design.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kate Kennen, owner of Offshoots, Inc., has been conducting intensive research in the phytotechnology field since 2006. She co- authored a
book with Niall Kirkwood, ‘PHYTO: Principles and Resources for Site Remediation and Landscape Design’, which will be published by Routledge in 2015, and she teaches a research seminar with Niall in ‘Phytotechnologies for Landscape Design’ at the Harvard GSD.
Offshoots, Inc. specializes in translating the often cryptic science of phytotechnolgies to designers, and utilizes these technologies in constructed landscapes to create sustainable solutions for land planning and site cleanup. Offshoots provides consulting services to other landscape
architects and planners to integrate phytotechnology concepts into their designed works. In addition, Offshoots also engages in full design
commissions to create public and private landscapes utilizing plant based cleanup.
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