Briefing Papers Number 7, October 2009 | Page 11

8 Levy, S. (2006) Progress Against Poverty: Sustaining Mexico’s ProgresaOportunidades Program. The program was originally called Progresa. 9 Hoddinott, J., et. al. (2008) “Effects of a Nutrition Intervention During Early Childhood on Economic Productivity in Guatemalan Adults.” The Lancet. 10 Ibid. 11 Maluccio, J.A., et. al. (2006) “The Impact of Nutrition During Early Childhood on Education Among Guatemalan Adults.” Population Studies Center Working Paper. 12 Op. cite, Hoddinott, J., et. al. (2008). 13 World Bank (2006) Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development: A Strategy for Large-Scale Action. 14 Op. cite, Victoria, C.G, et. al. (2009). 15 Black, R. et. al. (2008) “Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Global and Regional Exposures and Health Consequences.” The Lancet. 16 Save the Children UK (2007) The Minimum Cost of a Healthy Diet: Findings from Piloting a New Methodology in Four Study Locations. 17 Defourny, I., et. al. (2009) “A Large-Scale Distribution of Milk-Based Fortified Spreads: Evidence for a New Approach in Regions with High Burden of Acute Malnutrition” Plos One. Accessed July 23, 2009. 18 Ouédraogo, H.Z., et. al. (June 2008) “Home-Based Practices of Complementary Foods Improvement are Associated with Better Heightfor-Age Z Scores in Rural Burkina Faso.” African Journal of Food and Agricultural Nutrition and Development. 19 Micronutrient Initiative (2009) Investing in the Future: A United Call to Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies: Global Report 2009. 20 Ibid. 21 Op. cite, Black, R. et. al. (2008). 22 Ibid. 23 Ibid. This figure does not including children suffering from oedema, swelling of from excess fluid which is often associated with malnutrition and often leads to death. 24 Op. cite, World Bank (2006). 25 Heaver, R. (2002) HNP Discussion Paper: Thailand’s National Nutrition Program: Lessons in Management and Capacity Development. 26 Op. cite, World Bank (2006). 27 Op. cite, Heaver, R. (2002). 28 Bhutta, Z., et. al. (2008) “What Works? Interventions for Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Survival.” The Lancet. 29 Horton, S., et. al. (2009) Scaling Up Nutrition: What Will It Cost? Thirteen interventions are included in the cost estimate. Interventions fall into three broad categories: behavior change interventions; micronutrient and deworming interventions; and, complementary and therapeutic feeding interventions. The estimate acknowledges that absorptive capacity to deliver nutrition interventions is small, thus, funding should come in stages. In the first stage $5.1 billion could be used to deliver micronutrient and deworming interventions, behavior change interventions, and additional funds to build capacity for food based programs. Additional funding would be used to scale-up food-based approaches including complenentary and therapeutic feeding. 30 OECD DAC (2009) International Development Statistics Online. Accessed July 7, 2009. Data is based on reported OECD bilateral aid disbursements to “basic nutrition.” Data is reported as categorized by donor and is subject to misreporting or error. Food aid ($13.4 billion) and basic water and basic sanitation ($2.9 billion) investments can also impact nutrition. Adding these to basic nutrition brings total spending on nutrition up to 5.2 percent of bilateral donor assistance over 2004-2007. 31 Infant and Young Child Nutrition Program (Jan. 2008). IYCN Brief. 32 Fanta2, “PM2A: Preventing Malnutrition in Children Under Two Approach” http://www.fantaproject.org/pm2a/index.shtml. Accessed July 14, 2009 33 USAID (2009) U.S. International Food Assistance Report, 2008. 34 Ibid. www.bread.org 35 U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (May 2008) Report to Congress by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator on Food Security. 36 U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (May 2008) Celebrating Life: The US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: 2009 Annual Report to Congress. 37 Department of State USAID (2008) Working Toward the Goal of Reducing Maternal and Child Mortality: USAID Programming and Response to FY08 Appropriations. 38 Calculated by Bread for the World based on budget numbers in the US budget and supplemental spending legislation. 39 WFP Food Aid Report generated 8/10/09. 40 U.S. Government Accountability Office (2007) Various Challenges Impede the Efficiency and Effectiveness of U.S. Food Aid. 41 USDA Food Aid Reports: Table 4: Commodity Summary, Commodity Value and Tonnage. By metric tonnage. 42 As originally formulated, these products also contained powdered milk. As the price of powdered milk increased, the ingredient was dropped from most fortified blended foods. See Marchione, T. (2002) “Foods Provided Through the U.S. Government Emergency Food Aid Programs: Policies and Customs Governing Their Formulation, Selection and Distribution.” The Journal of Nutrition. 43 A recently commissioned study will examine food aid quality and make recommendations about appropriate formulations for use in nutrition programs. Unfortunately, this study is not expected to be completed until 2010. See: USAID Food Aid Research: Nutrient Quality of Food Aid—A Scientific Review. http://nutrition.tufts.edu/1174562918285/NutritionPage-nl2w_1238749209680.html 44 World Bank (2007) From Agriculture to Nutrition: Pathways, Synergies and Outcomes. Talkuder, A. (2000) “Increasing the production and consumption of vitamin A–rich fruits and vegetables: Lessons Learned in Taking the Bangladesh Homestead Gardening Programme to a National Scale.” Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 45 See MCC Selection Criteria. http://www.mcc.gov/mcc/selection