8
Levy, S. (2006) Progress Against Poverty: Sustaining Mexico’s ProgresaOportunidades Program. The program was originally called Progresa.
9 Hoddinott, J., et. al. (2008) “Effects of a Nutrition Intervention During
Early Childhood on Economic Productivity in Guatemalan Adults.” The
Lancet.
10 Ibid.
11 Maluccio, J.A., et. al. (2006) “The Impact of Nutrition During Early
Childhood on Education Among Guatemalan Adults.” Population Studies
Center Working Paper.
12 Op. cite, Hoddinott, J., et. al. (2008).
13 World Bank (2006) Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development: A
Strategy for Large-Scale Action.
14 Op. cite, Victoria, C.G, et. al. (2009).
15 Black, R. et. al. (2008) “Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Global
and Regional Exposures and Health Consequences.” The Lancet.
16 Save the Children UK (2007) The Minimum Cost of a Healthy Diet: Findings
from Piloting a New Methodology in Four Study Locations.
17 Defourny, I., et. al. (2009) “A Large-Scale Distribution of Milk-Based
Fortified Spreads: Evidence for a New Approach in Regions with High
Burden of Acute Malnutrition” Plos One. Accessed July 23, 2009.
18 Ouédraogo, H.Z., et. al. (June 2008) “Home-Based Practices of
Complementary Foods Improvement are Associated with Better Heightfor-Age Z Scores in Rural Burkina Faso.” African Journal of Food and
Agricultural Nutrition and Development.
19 Micronutrient Initiative (2009) Investing in the Future: A United Call to
Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies: Global Report 2009.
20 Ibid.
21 Op. cite, Black, R. et. al. (2008).
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid. This figure does not including children suffering from oedema,
swelling of from excess fluid which is often associated with malnutrition
and often leads to death.
24 Op. cite, World Bank (2006).
25 Heaver, R. (2002) HNP Discussion Paper: Thailand’s National Nutrition
Program: Lessons in Management and Capacity Development.
26 Op. cite, World Bank (2006).
27 Op. cite, Heaver, R. (2002).
28 Bhutta, Z., et. al. (2008) “What Works? Interventions for Maternal and
Child Undernutrition and Survival.” The Lancet.
29 Horton, S., et. al. (2009) Scaling Up Nutrition: What Will It Cost? Thirteen
interventions are included in the cost estimate. Interventions fall into
three broad categories: behavior change interventions; micronutrient and
deworming interventions; and, complementary and therapeutic feeding
interventions. The estimate acknowledges that absorptive capacity to
deliver nutrition interventions is small, thus, funding should come in
stages. In the first stage $5.1 billion could be used to deliver micronutrient
and deworming interventions, behavior change interventions, and
additional funds to build capacity for food based programs. Additional
funding would be used to scale-up food-based approaches including
complenentary and therapeutic feeding.
30 OECD DAC (2009) International Development Statistics Online.
Accessed July 7, 2009. Data is based on reported OECD bilateral aid
disbursements to “basic nutrition.” Data is reported as categorized by
donor and is subject to misreporting or error. Food aid ($13.4 billion)
and basic water and basic sanitation ($2.9 billion) investments can also
impact nutrition. Adding these to basic nutrition brings total spending on
nutrition up to 5.2 percent of bilateral donor assistance over 2004-2007.
31 Infant and Young Child Nutrition Program (Jan. 2008). IYCN Brief.
32 Fanta2, “PM2A: Preventing Malnutrition in Children Under Two
Approach” http://www.fantaproject.org/pm2a/index.shtml. Accessed July
14, 2009
33 USAID (2009) U.S. International Food Assistance Report, 2008.
34 Ibid.
www.bread.org
35 U.S.
Global AIDS Coordinator (May 2008) Report to Congress by the U.S.
Global AIDS Coordinator on Food Security.
36 U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (May 2008) Celebrating Life: The US
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: 2009 Annual Report to Congress.
37 Department of State USAID (2008) Working Toward the Goal of Reducing
Maternal and Child Mortality: USAID Programming and Response to FY08
Appropriations.
38 Calculated by Bread for the World based on budget numbers in the US
budget and supplemental spending legislation.
39 WFP Food Aid Report generated 8/10/09.
40 U.S. Government Accountability Office (2007) Various Challenges Impede
the Efficiency and Effectiveness of U.S. Food Aid.
41 USDA Food Aid Reports: Table 4: Commodity Summary, Commodity Value
and Tonnage. By metric tonnage.
42 As originally formulated, these products also contained powdered milk.
As the price of powdered milk increased, the ingredient was dropped from
most fortified blended foods. See Marchione, T. (2002) “Foods Provided
Through the U.S. Government Emergency Food Aid Programs: Policies
and Customs Governing Their Formulation, Selection and Distribution.”
The Journal of Nutrition.
43 A recently commissioned study will examine food aid quality and make
recommendations about appropriate formulations for use in nutrition
programs. Unfortunately, this study is not expected to be completed until
2010. See: USAID Food Aid Research: Nutrient Quality of Food Aid—A
Scientific Review. http://nutrition.tufts.edu/1174562918285/NutritionPage-nl2w_1238749209680.html
44 World Bank (2007) From Agriculture to Nutrition: Pathways, Synergies and
Outcomes. Talkuder, A. (2000) “Increasing the production and consumption
of vitamin A–rich fruits and vegetables: Lessons Learned in Taking the
Bangladesh Homestead Gardening Programme to a National Scale.” Food
and Nutrition Bulletin.
45 See MCC Selection Criteria. http://www.mcc.gov/mcc/selection