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the European Union (EU) was left unresolved on that occasion. A number of nongovernmental and international governmental organizations also hold Observer status.
6. See
http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/arctic-council/observers;
and for analysis, P. Graczyk & T. Koivurova (January, 2013). A new era in the Arctic
Council’s external relations? Broader consequences of the Nuuk observer rules for Arctic
governance. Polar Record. ref.10.1017/S0032247412000824.
7. See for instance, on the Chinese case, L. Jakobson (2010). China Prepares for an Ice-free
Arctic.
SIPRI:
Stockholm.
Avaiable
at
http://books.sipri.org/fi...sight/SIPRIInsight1002.pdf.
8. National situations and motives vary in this context; for some examples see A. Spruds
and T. Rostoks (2014) (eds.). Perceptions and Strategies of Arcticness in the sub-Arctic Europe,
Riga:
Latvian
Institute
of
International
Affairs.
Available
at:
http://liia.lv/en/publications/percepetions-and-strategies-of-arcticness-in-sub-a/.
9. A. J. K. Bailes & B. í Jákupsstovu (December, 2013). The Faroe Islands and the Arctic:
Genesis of a Strategy. Stjórnmál og Stjórnsýsla (University of Iceland). Available at
http://www.irpa.is/article/view/1228.
10. The text is at
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/2512
16/Adapting_To_Change_UK_policy_towards_the_Arctic.pdf. For the Ministerial
comments on publication see https://www.gov.uk/government/news/respecting-thearctic-promoting-uk-interests.
11. (In the author’s English translation) ‘Guidelines for Germany’s Arctic Policy; accepting
responsibility, seizing opportunities’, Auswärtiges Amt (Berlin) November 2013, available
at http://www.auswaertigesamt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/658714/publicationFile/185889/Arktisleitlinien.pdf;
English summary at http://www.auswaertigesamt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/InternatRecht/Einzelfragen/Arktis/ArktisGrundlagentext_node.html.
12. See www.spri.cam.ac.uk.
13. See http://www.antarctica.ac.uk.
14. There is more on the scientific contribution in section 3 below.
15. L. Heininen & B. Segerståhl. (2002). International Negotiations Aiming at a Reduction of
Nuclear Risks in the Barents Sea Region. In R. Avenhaus, V. Kremenyuk and G. Sjöstedt
(eds.). Containing the Atom. International Negotiations on Nuclear Security and Safety (pp. 243270). New York: Lexington Books.
16. ‘Centrica, E.ON and RWE lead Arctic rush for oil’, The Guardian online 4 July 2013,
available
at
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/uk-energycompanies-arctic-oil.
17. The UK was among observers at the Nordic defence ministers’ latest meeting at Helsinki
in December 2013, see
Bailes